SELF-CALIBRATING NOx SENSOR

ABSTRACT

A system for calibrating a response to an exhaust-stream NO x  level in a motor vehicle is provided. The system comprises a NO x  sensor that includes an electrode, a current from the electrode responsive to the exhaust-stream NO x  level while a bias voltage is applied to the electrode. The system further comprises a controller configured to interrupt the bias voltage and to adjust a motor-vehicle response to the current based at least partly on an attained voltage of the electrode while the bias voltage is interrupted. Other embodiments provide a method of calibrating a NO x  sensor response in terms of gain and offset parameters.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present application relates to emissions control in motor vehicles, and more particularly, to nitrogen oxide (NO_(x)) emissions from motor vehicles.

BACKGROUND AND SUMMARY

Various emissions from motor-vehicle exhaust systems are regulated, such as NO_(x) emission. To limit NO_(x) emission while maintaining performance, a motor-vehicle may be configured, in a closed-loop manner, to tighten emission control when an exhaust-stream NO_(x) level increases. Tightening control may include, for example, supplying a richer air/fuel mixture to a combustion chamber of the motor vehicle or enabling reductive regeneration of an exhaust-stream NO_(x) trap.

For some control systems to function effectively, an accurate estimate of the NO_(x) level may be generated from a NO_(x) sensor. U.S. Pat. No. 4,770,760 describes a NO_(x) sensor comprising two electrochemical pump cells in series, with a diffusion restrictor upstream of each pump cell. In the cited reference, the NO_(x) level in an analyte is indicated by a diffusion-limited current flowing to a catalyzed electrode in a downstream pump cell, an upstream pump cell being used to reduce the partial pressure of oxygen (O₂) to a fixed, low level, so that the NO_(x) level can be estimated with a minimum of interference.

In the decade since this technology was developed, numerous attempts have been made to improve the accuracy, reliability, and longevity of electrochemical NO_(x) sensors. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 6,059,947 describes a NO_(x) sensor providing feedback control of a set-point voltage in the upstream pump cell, and a self-diagnosis feature coupled to the feedback control. The feedback control adjusts the set-point voltage so that the partial pressure of O₂ in the second pump cell remains constant despite aging of sensor components and changes in analyte O₂ level. The self-diagnosis feature compares the adjusted set point against predetermined limits to assess sensor degradation.

However, the above reference fails to address other ageing effects commonly observed in electrochemical NO_(x)-sensor response: namely, a gradual reduction in gain and an increase in offset in the correlation between the sensed parameters and NO_(x) in the exhaust stream. These factors, which contribute to uncertainty in the detected NO_(x) level, may be caused by degradation losses occurring on prolonged operation of the NO_(x) sensor: losses in electrolyte conductance, for example, or in electroactivity and/or electroactive surface area of one or more electrodes.

The inventors herein have recognized the above problems and have devised a series of approaches to address them. Thus, in one embodiment, a system for calibrating a response to an exhaust-stream NO_(x) level in a motor vehicle is provided. The system comprises a NO_(x) sensor that includes an electrode, a current from the electrode responsive to the exhaust-stream NO_(x) level while a bias voltage is applied to the electrode. The system further comprises a controller configured to interrupt the bias voltage and to adjust a motor-vehicle response to the current based at least partly on an attained voltage of the electrode while the bias voltage is interrupted.

By calibrating the motor-vehicle response based on the attained voltage, the motor-vehicle response may track the exhaust-stream NO_(x) level with greater fidelity despite degradation losses in the NO_(x) sensor, such as those indicated above.

Other embodiments disclosed herein provide a method of calibrating a response to an exhaust-stream NO_(x) level in a motor vehicle. Still other embodiments provide a method of calibrating the NO_(x) sensor response in terms of gain and offset parameters.

It should be understood that the summary above is provided to introduce in simplified form a selection of concepts that are further described in the detailed description. It is not meant to identify key or essential features of the claimed subject matter, the scope of which is defined uniquely by the claims that follow the detailed description. Furthermore, the claimed subject matter is not limited to implementations that solve any disadvantages noted above or in any part of this disclosure.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows a NO_(x) sensor with associated control and measurement electronics in accordance with the present disclosure. The drawing is schematic and renders the NO_(x) sensor in cross section.

FIG. 2 is a flow chart illustrating an example NO_(x)-sensor self-calibration procedure in accordance with the present disclosure.

FIG. 3 is a flow chart illustrating an emissions-control procedure, which includes a NO_(x)-sensor self-calibration procedure, in accordance with the present disclosure.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

FIG. 1 shows a schematic, cross-sectional view of an example NO_(x) sensor. In particular, FIG. 1 shows NO_(x) sensor 102 comprising first layer 104, second layer 106, third layer 108, fourth layer 110, fifth layer 112, and sixth layer 114. At least the first and third layers comprise an oxide (O²⁻) conducting solid electrolyte material, e.g., a zirconia (ZrO₂) containing ceramic. The remaining layers may comprise the same and/or different materials: other ceramics, for example, selected to bond reliably to the first and third layers, to have similar coefficients of thermal expansion, etc.

NO_(x) sensor 102 further includes upstream cavity 116, downstream cavity 118, reference cavity 120, first diffusion restrictor 122, and second diffusion restrictor 124. Each of the upstream, downstream, and reference cavities is a void space formed in the layered structure of the NO_(x) sensor and configured to confine a specimen of gas. In particular, upstream cavity 116 and downstream cavity 118 are configured to confine analyte-derived gas, and reference cavity 120 is configured to confine air. It will be understood that ‘confine,’ as used in this context, need not imply long-term confinement. In the illustrated embodiment, air may enter the reference cavity from the right side exterior the sensor.

First diffusion restrictor 122 is a material zone that restricts a diffusion of analyte gas into the upstream cavity. In the illustrated embodiment, analyte gas, which may include gas from a motor-vehicle exhaust stream, may penetrate the first diffusion restrictor from the left side exterior the sensor. First diffusion restrictor 122 may include one or more small apertures through which analyte gas may communicate with the upstream cavity; it may be a porous material including but not limited to a porous ZrO₂-containing ceramic. Second diffusion restrictor 124 is a material zone that restricts a diffusion of gas from the upstream cavity to the downstream cavity. The second diffusion restrictor may be substantially the same or at least partly different than the first diffusion restrictor.

NO_(x) sensor 102 further includes insulator 126 and resistive heater 128. Insulator 126 is an electrically insulating and ionically insulating material, e.g., a ceramic such as alumina, selected to bond reliably to the first and third layers, to have similar coefficients of thermal expansion, etc. Insulator 126 may include a groove into which resistive heater 128 is entrained. Resistive heater 128 is a resistive, electrical conductor configured to support a flow of current and thereby to supply heat to NO_(x) sensor 102.

NO_(x) sensor 102 further includes upstream cathode 130, upstream anode 132, and reference electrode 134. Each of the upstream cathode, the upstream anode, and the reference electrode may be a porous cermet-type electrode. Each may include a corrosion-resistant, refractory metal such as a platinum-group metal and a ceramic selected to bond reliably to the first and third layers, to have similar coefficients of thermal expansion, etc. In a manner well-known in the art, a formulation of upstream cathode 130 may be selected for its lack of catalytic activity toward NO_(x).

NO_(x) sensor 102 further includes downstream cathode 136 and NO_(x)-sensing electrode 138. Each of the downstream cathode and the NO_(x)-sensing electrode may be substantially the same or at least partly different than the electrodes described above. However, a formulation of NO_(x)-sensing electrode 138 may be selected, in a manner well-known in the art, especially for its significant catalytic activity toward NO_(x).

FIG. 1 shows example control and measurement electronics operatively coupled to NO_(x) sensor 102. In FIG. 1, some of the control and measurement electronics are shown in schematic detail; the rest are referred to collectively as NO_(x)-sensor controller 140. It must be understood, however, that this distinction is for illustrative purposes only, as any control or measurement component described herein may be integrated into, or located outside of, any motor-vehicle control device.

FIG. 1 shows current source 142, which draws current I₀ from upstream cathode 130 and supplies the same current to upstream anode 132. Note that the direction of current flow, by convention, is opposite the flow of electrons and other negative charge carriers. Thus, the current I₀ is such as to reduce molecular oxygen (O₂) at upstream cathode 130, to carry the O²⁻ so formed through first layer 104, and to oxidize the O²⁻ back to O₂ at upstream anode 132. Upstream cathode 130, upstream anode 132, and intervening first layer 104 are therefore configured to pump O₂ out of upstream cavity 116. Collectively, the upstream cathode, the upstream anode, and the first layer are referred to as the upstream pump cell.

By pumping O₂ out of upstream cavity 116 faster than it can enter through diffusion restrictor 122, the upstream pump cell may reduce the partial pressure of O₂ in the upstream cavity relative to that of the analyte. As an approximation, and subject to conditions and assumptions well-known in the art, the partial pressure of O₂ in the upstream cavity is given by a Nernst relation:

V ₀ =R T 1n(s ₁₃₀ /s ₁₃₄)/2 F=R T 1n(p ₁₁₆ /p ₁₂₀)/2 F.   (1)

In eq 1, V₀ is a voltage measured between upstream cathode 130 and reference electrode 134, R is the gas constant, T is the absolute temperature, F is Faraday's constant, s₁₃₀ is the concentration of O₂ sorbed on upstream cathode 130, s₁₄₃ is the concentration of O₂ sorbed on reference electrode 134, p₁₁₆ is the partial pressure of O₂ in upstream cavity 116, and p₁₂₀ is the partial pressure of O₂ in reference cavity 120. The right-hand side of eq 1 recognizes that a rapid equilibrium exchanges sorbed and gas-phase O₂ in the upstream cavity. Thus, NO_(x)-sensor controller 140 may be configured to dynamically adjust the value of I₀ to maintain a constant value of V₀, which may correspond to a constant, low value of p₁₁₆. In that way, the partial pressure of O₂ in upstream cavity 116 may be maintained at a constant, low value.

FIG. 1 shows first voltage source 144, which provides bias voltage B₁ between downstream cathode 136 and reference electrode 134. The magnitude of bias voltage B₁ may be such that reduction of O₂ at the downstream cathode is diffusion-limited. Thus, O₂ is reduced just as fast as it can diffuse to the downstream cathode, which is the rate at which it penetrates second diffusion restrictor 124. Therefore, the partial pressure of O₂ in downstream cavity 118 is maintained at a constant level, lower than the level in upstream cavity 116. Downstream cathode 136, reference electrode 134, and intervening third layer 108 are configured to pump O₂ out of downstream cavity 118; collectively, these components are referred to as the downstream pump cell.

FIG. 1 shows switch 146 and second voltage source 148. When switch 146 is closed, second voltage source 148 provides bias voltage B₂ between NO_(x)-sensing electrode 138 and reference electrode 134. NO_(x)-sensor controller 140 may be configured to close switch 146 to provide or restore bias voltage B₂ and to open switch 146 to interrupt bias voltage B₂. Thus, switch 146 may be any electrically controllable switch, whether electromechanical or semiconductor-based.

The magnitude of bias voltage B₂ may be such that reduction of O₂ at NO_(x)-sensing electrode 138 is diffusion-limited. However, the flux of O₂ to the NO_(x)-sensing electrode may be quite small because of the small size of this electrode relative to downstream cathode 136 and because it is located farther from second diffusion restrictor 124. In the illustrated embodiment, O₂-reduction current observed at the NO_(x)-sensing electrode corresponds to an interference, i.e., an offset, in the current-based NO_(x) estimate to be described presently. Reduction of other chemical species, e.g. water, may further contribute to the offset.

As indicated above, NO_(x)-sensing electrode 138 differs from downstream cathode 136 not only in size and location, but also in catalyst loading. In particular, the NO_(x)-sensing electrode is configured to be significantly catalytic toward NO_(x) while the downstream cathode is configured to be minimally catalytic toward NO_(x). Thus, the chemical constituents of NO_(x) may be electrochemically reduced at the NO_(x)-sensing electrode, e.g.,

NO ₂+2e ⁻ →NO+O ²⁻, and   (2)

2NO+4e ⁻ →N ₂+2 O ²⁻.   (3)

In addition, the chemical constituents of NO_(x) may be decomposed at the NO_(x)-sensing electrode, e.g.,

2 NO ₂→2 NO+O ₂, and   (4)

2 NO→N ₂ +O ₂,   (5)

to yield sorbed O₂, which in turn may be reduced at the NO_(x)-sensing electrode. Whether by catalyzed electrochemical reduction, by catalyzed decomposition followed by electrochemical reduction, or by some combination of these, the current I₂ may therefore reflect a level of NO_(x) in the analyte over and above the offset. For example,

I ₂ =Gp+H,   (6)

where p is a partial pressure of a NO_(x) constituent: nitric oxide (NO), nitrogen dioxide (NO₂), dinitrogen tetraoxide (N₂O₄), or nitrous oxide (N₂O), as examples; G is the sensor gain with respect to that constituent, and H is the sensor offset. In examples where the analyte is derived from motor-vehicle exhaust and may include different NO_(x) constituents simultaneously, a composite sensor gain may be defined based on predicted proportions of the various NO_(x) constituents in the exhaust.

On prolonged use, however, the gain and offset of the NO_(x) sensor may both change. Changes in these parameters may result from an ageing of various sensor components: electrodes, diffusion restrictors, and electrolyte layers, for example. To compensate for changing sensor gain and sensor offset, NO_(x)-sensor controller 140 may be further configured to enable self-calibration of NO_(x) sensor 102.

Thus, when switch 146 is open, bias voltage B₂ to NO_(x)-sensing electrode 138 is interrupted. Under such conditions, the voltage measured between the NO_(x)-sensing electrode and the reference electrode is given by another Nernst relation. As an approximation, and subject to conditions and assumptions well-known in the art,

V ₂ =R T 1n (s₁₃₈ /s ₁₃₄)/2 F.   (7)

In eq 6, s₁₃₈ refers to the concentration of O₂ sorbed on NO_(x)-sensing electrode 138. Due to the catalyst loading of NO_(x)-sensing electrode 138, s₁₃₈ may not be related in a straightforward way to the partial pressure of O₂ in the cavity in which the electrode is disposed—in contrast to eq 1. This is because NO_(x) decomposition (eqs 4 and 5, for example) supplies additional O₂ to the surface of NO_(x) sensing electrode 138 at a rate that may exceed the rate of exchange of sorbed and gas-phase O₂. Thus, s₁₃₈ may increase with increasing NO_(x) level in the analyte.

An open-circuit or near open-circuit V₂ measurement may therefore provide an independent, calibrating estimate of the NO_(x) level, against which the I₂-based estimate may be compared. In one example, a periodically acquired V₂-based estimate of the NO_(x) level may be used to refine gain and offset parameters used in the I₂-based estimate.

To enable self calibration, NO_(x)-sensor controller 140 may include analog electronics comprising operational amplifiers, for example, and/or digital electronics comprising a memory, a microprocessor, a look-up table, and/or other components known in the art to enable fixed-function calculation, parameter storage, and/or adjustable-gain amplification. NO_(x)-sensor controller 140 may further include appropriate timing componentry to enable collection of multiple voltage samples according to a schedule.

The example configuration illustrated in FIG. 1 may be used as part of an emissions-control system of a motor vehicle. FIG. 1 illustrates, in one specific example, a NO_(x)-sensor including an electrode, where a current from the electrode may be responsive to an exhaust-stream NO_(x) level in a motor vehicle while a bias voltage is applied to the electrode. In many instances, the motor vehicle in which the NO_(x) sensor is installed may be configured to respond in some way to the current. For example, the motor-vehicle response to the current may include reducing a NO_(x) emission in response to the current. Reducing the NO_(x) emission may take several different forms depending on the particular motor-vehicle configuration. In some embodiments, the motor vehicle response to the current may include regenerating an exhaust-aftertreatment device in response to the current. In other examples, the motor-vehicle response to the current may include reducing an air-to-fuel ratio in a combustion chamber in response to the current.

In each of these embodiments, a controller may be further configured to adjust the motor-vehicle response to the current based at least partly on an attained voltage of the electrode during a period in which the bias voltage is interrupted (V₂ in the illustrated embodiment). In one example, the controller may do so by refining the NO_(x)-sensor gain and offset parameters used in an emission-control operation, based on the attained voltage. This is an example of NO_(x)-sensor self-calibration, details of which are described below, with reference to FIGS. 2 and 3. FIG. 2 illustrates an example NO_(x)-sensor self-calibration procedure, while FIG. 3 illustrates a manner in which NO_(x)-sensor self calibration may be incorporated into an emissions-control strategy of a motor vehicle.

FIG. 2 is a flow chart illustrating example NO_(x)-sensor self-calibration procedure 200. Procedure 200 is one example of a method of calibrating a response to an exhaust-stream NO_(x) level in a motor vehicle, where the motor vehicle includes a NO_(x) sensor. The method includes interrupting a bias voltage to an electrode of the NO_(x) sensor, a current from the electrode responsive to the exhaust-stream NO_(x) level absent said interrupting. The method further includes adjusting a motor-vehicle response to the current based at least partly on an attained voltage of the electrode during said interrupting. More particularly, procedure 200 includes adjusting a gain and an offset of the NO_(x) sensor based at least partly on an attained voltage of the electrode during said interrupting.

In describing procedure 200, continued reference is made to the components of FIG. 1. The procedure may be executed by an emissions-control system of a motor vehicle in a manner illustrated in FIG. 3.

At 202, NO_(x)-sensor controller 140 interrupts bias voltage B₂ to NO_(x)-sensing electrode 138. The NO_(x) sensor controller may interrupt the bias by opening switch 146, for example. When bias voltage B₂ is interrupted, current I₂ ceases to reflect the NO_(x) level in the analyte. At 204, NO_(x)-sensor controller 140 schedules a sampling of voltage V₂ over a predetermined period of time. In one non-limiting and purely illustrative example, NO_(x)-sensor controller 140 may schedule fifty V₂ samples to be recorded at open-circuit, over a period of 25 seconds, at evenly-spaced, 500-millisecond intervals. Details of the scheduling may differ from one motor-vehicle system to the next, and may also depend on operating conditions. For example, when a previous I₂ measurement has indicated that the exhaust-stream NO_(x) level is relatively high, the sampling period may be relatively short. In contrast, when a previous I₂ measurement has indicated that the NO_(x) level is relatively low, the sampling period may be relatively long. Thus the duration of bias voltage interruption and voltage sampling may be responsive to I₂. A greater sampling period may be advantageous when the NO_(x) level is low because more time may be needed for sorbed, active species on NO_(x)-sensing electrode 138 to come to equilibrium with gas-phase NO_(x) in downstream cavity 118.

At 206, NO_(x)-sensor controller 140 determines whether it is time to record a V₂ sample. If it is not time to record a V₂ sample, then execution of procedure 200 pauses, at 208, for a predetermined period of time. It should be understood that ‘pause,’ used herein, implies only that the illustrated procedure is paused. Execution of other related and/or unrelated control routines may continue, and in some embodiments, step 208 may include a programmed interrupt to other such control routines. After the pause, execution resumes at 206, where the NO_(x)-sensor controller again determines if it is time to sample V₂. If it is time to sample V₂, then at 210, the NO_(x)-sensor controller samples V₂. V₂ may be sampled at or near open-circuit to avoid concentration polarization in layer 108 at an interface with NO_(x)-sensing electrode 138.

After V₂ is sampled, the NO_(x)-sensor controller determines, at 212, whether V₂-sampling is completed or whether further sampling is required. The NO_(x)-sensor controller may make the determination based on the time, a number of samples recorded, etc. If V₂-sampling is not completed, then execution resumes at 206; if V₂-sampling is completed, then execution continues to 214, where the recorded V₂ array is processed. In one example, processing the V₂ array may include fitting V₂-versus-time data to a predicted mathematical model, i.e., a curve, such as an exponential decay. From the fitted model parameters, it may be possible to estimate a steady-state value of V₂ at the analyte NO_(x) level, even if V₂ sampling is stopped before the steady-state is reached. Thus, the NO_(x)-sensor controller may be configured to extrapolate to a steady-state value of V₂. In other embodiments, the NO_(x)-sensor controller may be configured to discard V₂ samples in a period over which V₂ is trending rapidly, and to average V₂ samples in a period over which V₂ is substantially constant, is deviating randomly, and/or is trending slowly.

Processing the V₂ array may further include relating the steady-state or average V₂, as obtained above, to a predicted, analyte NO_(x) level. The predicted NO_(x) level may be obtained from V₂ by using a calculation executed by NO_(x)-sensor controller 140, a look-up table, etc.

At 216, the NO_(x) level so obtained is compared to a NO_(x) level previously obtained from an I₂-based estimate, and a gain or offset parameter used in the I₂-based estimate is adjusted so that the two NO_(x)-level estimates coincide.

To adjust both gain and offset parameters, calibration at two or more different NO_(x) levels is necessary. Thus, NO_(x)-sensor controller 140 may be configured to initially adjust the gain parameter only, while holding the offset parameter fixed, and then to adjust the offset parameter when data from a range of different NO_(x) levels becomes available. In some embodiments, adjustment of gain and offset may be executed iteratively, holding one fixed while the other is adjusted. In other embodiments, data representing multiple NO_(x) levels may be held in memory and fit globally to a two-parameter model. By these and similar methods, NO_(x) sensor 102 may be self calibrated.

At 218, NO_(x)-sensor controller 140 restores bias voltage B₂ to NO_(x)-sensing electrode 138. The NO_(x) sensor controller may restore the bias by closing switch 146, for example. When bias voltage B₂ is restored, current 1 ₂ may again reflect the NO_(x) level in the analyte.

FIG. 3 is a flow chart illustrating example emissions-control procedure 300, which includes NO_(x)-sensor self-calibration procedure 200. In describing the procedure, continued reference is made to the components of FIG. 1. Procedure 300 may be executed by an emissions-control system of a motor vehicle.

At 302, the emissions-control system updates a NO_(x)-sensor self-calibration schedule. In one embodiment, the self-calibration schedule may be based on a fixed time interval, e.g., self calibrate once a day. In other embodiments, the self-calibration schedule may be responsive to an age of the NO_(x) sensor, a motor-vehicle run time, or on a number of miles accumulated. In some embodiments, the self-calibration schedule may be responsive to some other property of the NO_(x) sensor that is interrogated by the controller: I₀ or I₁, for example, where values outside of a predetermined range may point to sensor degradation. In some embodiments, it may be advantageous that self-calibration be delayed for a period of time following a cold start of the motor vehicle, and/or for a different period of time following an exhaust-aftertreatment device regeneration in the motor vehicle. The controller may therefore be configured to delay interrupting bias voltage V₂ for such periods of time. In some examples, the self-calibration schedule may be adjusted based on the NO_(x) level as reflected by I₂. For example, the periods of delay indicated above may be responsive to I₂.

At 304, the emissions-control system determines whether it is time for NO_(x)-sensor self calibration. If it is not time for NO_(x)-sensor self calibration, then at 306, procedure 300 is paused. Execution of other related and/or unrelated control routines may continue, and in some embodiments, step 306 may include a programmed interrupt to other such control routines. After the pause, execution resumes at 302, where the emissions-control system again updates the NO_(x)-sensor self-calibration schedule, which may depend on changing conditions.

Returning now to step 304, if it is time for NO_(x)-sensor self calibration, then at 200, self-calibration is executed as illustrated by example in FIG. 2. After self-calibration is completed, execution resumes again at step 302.

Note that the example control and estimation routines included herein can be used with various system configurations. The specific routines described herein may represent one or more of any number of processing strategies such as event-driven, interrupt-driven, multi-tasking, multi-threading, and the like. As such, various actions, operations, or functions illustrated may be performed in the sequence illustrated, in parallel, or in some cases omitted. Likewise, the order of processing is not necessarily required to achieve the features and advantages of the example embodiments described herein, but is provided for ease of illustration and description. One or more of the illustrated actions, functions, or operations may be repeatedly performed depending on the particular strategy being used. Further, the described operations, functions, and/or acts may graphically represent code to be programmed into computer readable storage medium in the control system.

Further still, it should be understood that the systems and methods described herein are exemplary in nature, and that these specific embodiments or examples are not to be considered in a limiting sense, because numerous variations are contemplated. Accordingly, the present disclosure includes all novel and non-obvious combinations and sub-combinations of the various systems and methods disclosed herein, as well as any and all equivalents thereof. 

1. A system for calibrating a response to an exhaust-stream NO_(x) level in a motor vehicle, the system comprising: a NO_(x) sensor including an electrode, a current from the electrode responsive to the exhaust-stream NO_(x) level while a bias voltage is applied to the electrode; and a controller configured to interrupt the bias voltage and to adjust a motor-vehicle response to the current based at least partly on an attained voltage of the electrode while the bias voltage is interrupted.
 2. The system of claim 1, further comprising a switch, wherein the controller is further configured to interrupt the bias voltage by opening the switch and to restore the bias voltage by closing the switch.
 3. The system of claim 1, wherein the controller is further configured to delay interrupting the bias voltage for a period following a cold start of the motor vehicle.
 4. The system of claim 3, wherein the period is responsive to the current.
 5. The system of claim 1, wherein the controller is further configured to delay interrupting the bias voltage for a period following an exhaust-aftertreatment device regeneration in the motor vehicle.
 6. The system of claim 1, wherein the controller is further configured to interrupt the bias voltage repeatedly, according to a schedule.
 7. The system of claim 6, wherein the schedule is responsive to an age of the NO_(x) sensor.
 8. The system of claim 6, wherein the schedule is responsive to a property of the NO_(x) sensor interrogated by the controller. 9-20. (canceled) 